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What are some examples of ultimate vacuum in practical applications
The concept of ultimate vacuum is critical in various fields where extremely low-pressure environments are necessary. Here are several examples showcasing its practical applications:Scientific Research:Particle Physics Research: Facilities like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) rely on ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions, achieving ultimate vacuums down to 10^-9 to 10^-10 Pascals. This ensures that particle beams can travel long distances with minimal collision against gas molecules.Material Science and Surface Analysis: Techniques such as Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) require an exceptionally clean environment free from air-borne contaminants, necessitating high or ultra-high vacuum conditions.Semiconductor Manufacturing:In the fabrication of semiconductor chips, processes including Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), and etching are conducted under high vacuum or UHV to minimize contamination and ensure precision. The
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How is vacuum categorized? (Rough vacuum, Medium vacuum, High vacuum, Ultra-high vacuum, Extreme high vacuum).
Vacuum can be classified into five categories based on their pressure range, which reflects the number of gas molecules per unit area:Rough Vacuum: This ranges from atmospheric pressure (around 101325 Pascals) to approximately 2.7×10^-2 Pascals. It's the easiest level of vacuum to achieve and is commonly seen in household appliances like vacuum cleaners.Medium Vacuum: The pressure here lies between roughly 2.7×10^-2 Pascals and 1×10^-4 Pascals. This level of vacuum is often used in some industrial processes.High Vacuum: In this category, the pressure falls within 1×10^-4 Pascals to 1×10^-7 Pascals. At this level, only several million molecules exist per cubic centimeter, suitable for processes like coating.Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV): This ranges from 1×10^-7 Pascals down to less than 1×10^-10 Pascals. Such a high degree of vacuum is crucial for experiments in surface science.Extreme High Vacuum: Generally refers to pressures below 1×10^-10 Pascals, representing extreme conditions used in
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High Vacuum
